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Thinking Paths · Beta

Truth & Knowledge

Examine certainty, evidence, and what could change your mind.

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The examined life

Ten readings testing certainty, assumptions, appearances, and testimony.

10 readings

What you will practice: Support a belief with reasons, examine an alternative, and identify what could change your conclusion.

  • Apology · Plato
  • Apology · Plato
  • Discourse on the Method · René Descartes
  • Novum Organum · Francis Bacon
  • Novum Organum · Francis Bacon
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding · David Hume
  • Discourse on the Method · René Descartes
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding · David Hume
  • Pragmatism · William James
  • On Liberty · John Stuart Mill
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Evidence before certainty

Build an inquiry from a plausible first answer through observation, language, patterns, and revision.

10 readings

What you will practice: Separate observation from inference and name evidence that could overturn a plausible conclusion.

  • How We Think · John Dewey
  • How We Think · John Dewey
  • Novum Organum · Francis Bacon
  • Frankenstein · Mary Shelley
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding · David Hume
  • Discourse on the Method · René Descartes
  • Indian Boyhood · Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa)
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding · David Hume
  • Pragmatism · William James
  • Essays — First Series · Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Disagreeing to understand

Slow down, clarify words, examine another perspective, and distinguish an argument from an authority.

10 readings

What you will practice: Represent an alternative fairly, compare its support with your own, and explain what remains uncertain.

  • How We Think · John Dewey
  • The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral · Francis Bacon
  • On Liberty · John Stuart Mill
  • Discourse on the Method · René Descartes
  • Pride and Prejudice · Jane Austen
  • The Histories · Herodotus
  • Essays · Michel de Montaigne
  • Essays — First Series · Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding · David Hume
  • Pragmatism · William James
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